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Focus and intonation

- Intonational modelling: configurations vs. levels

* The British School

* The American School

- Comparing approaches

PEC 2024

* Common mistakes

* Tips for the exam

FOCUS AND INTONATION

- Intonation, pitch, tone, accent and focus

- Tone languages and intonational languages

- Parameters to describe intonation

* Tonality

* Tonicity

* Tone

* Pitch range

STRESS AND RHYTHM

- Lexical stress

* Stress reorganizations

� Stress shift

� Consecutive stresses

- Rhythm

* Syllable-timed languages

* Stress-timed languages

STRESS AND RHYTHM

- Suprasegmentals

- Lexical stress

* Levels of stress

* Predicting the location of stress

� Stress in simple words

� Stress in complex words

COMBINATION OF SOUNDS AND CONNECTED SPEECH PROCESSES

- Connected speech processes

*Assimilation

 Regressive or anticipatory

 Progressive or perseverative

 Coalescence

*Elision

*Liaison

 Linking-r

 Intrusive-r

COMBINATION OF SOUNDS AND CONNECTED SPEECH PROCESSES

- The syllable

*Definition and constituents

*Syllabic consonants and the sonority hierarchy

- Phonotactics: combination of sounds

*Initial consonant clusters (in syllable onset position)

*Final consonant clusters (in syllable coda position)

CONSONANTS

- Types of consonants

*Obstruents vs. sonorants

*Fortis vs. lenis

- Allophonic variation in English consonants

*Aspiration

*Devoicing

*Velarization

UNIT 3: CONSONANTS

- Parameters to describe consonants

*Vocal fold position

*Place of articulation

*Manner of articulation

- Types of articulations

*Single and double articulations

*Primary and secondary articulations

- Morphemes “-s” and “-ed”

UNIT 2: VOWELS

- Types of vowels

*Monophthongs, diphthongs and triphthongs

*Weak vs. strong vowels

- Related phenomena

*Nasalization

*Voiceless vowels and aspiration

*Pre-fortis clipping and rhythmical clipping

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION

- Organs of speech

*The oral and nasal cavities

*The vocal folds

- The production of sounds

*Initiation

*Phonation

*Articulation

- The segmental level and the suprasegmental level

UNIT 2: VOWELS

- Parameters to describe vowels

*Tongue position

*Tongue height

*Lip posture

*Duration

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION

- Phonetics and phonology: allophones and phonemes

- Perspectives for the study of phonetics

- Organs of speech

- Broad and narrow transcription

Revision for the exam

Intonational modelling;

Comparing approaches

Intonation, pitch, tone, accent and focus;

Tone languages and intonationational languages;

Parameters to describe intonation